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磁共振“读脑”破局：脑机接口从“黑箱猜测”走向“机制理解”_我的网站

一 | 　　脑机接口在过去几年经历了从冷门到过热又逐渐回归理性的起伏。 MANCHESTER, England -- Bobby Charlton, an English soccer icon who survived a plane crash that decimated a Manchester United team destined for greatness to become the heartbeat of his country's 1966 World Cup-winning team, has died. He was 86.A statement from Charlton's family, released by United, said he died Saturday surrounded by his family.An extravagantly gifted midfielder with a ferocious shot, Charlton was the leading scorer for both United (249 goals) and England (49 goals) for more than 40 years until being overtaken by Wayne Rooney.“Sir Bobby was a hero to millions, not just in Manchester, or the United Kingdom, but wherever football is played around the world,” United said.“He was admired as much for his sportsmanship and integrity as he was for his outstanding qualities as a footballer; Sir Bobby will always be remembered as a giant of the game.”Alex Ferguson, who managed United from 1986-2013, said before Charlton's death that he “is the greatest Manchester United player of all time — and that’s saying something.”“Bobby Charlton is absolutely without peer in the history of the English game,” Ferguson said.Charlton was also renowned for his humility, discipline and sportsmanship. He was never sent off in 758 appearances for United from 1956-73 or 106 internationals for England from 1958-70.Charlton played with George Best and Denis Law in the so-called “Trinity” that led United to the 1968 European Cup after surviving the 1958 Munich crash that wiped out the celebrated “Busby Babes” team. He won three English league titles at United, and one FA Cup.“For a footballer, he offered an unparalleled combination of grace, power and precision,” said former United defender Bill Foulkes, another survivor of the Munich air crash.“It added up to a greatness and something more — something I can only call beauty.”Charlton’s England scoring record stood for 45 years until Rooney scored his 50th goal for the national team in September 2015. Three of his England goals came in the World Cup in 1966, during which Charlton played every minute for the team and stood out especially in the semifinals when he scored twice against Portugal to lead England to a first major final.England beat West Germany 4-2 after extra time in the final.Although Ryan Giggs beat Charlton’s appearance record for United in 2008, his scoring record for the club lasted another nine years. It was only in 2017 — 44 years after Charlton last wore the famous red jersey of England’s most successful club — that Rooney scored his 250th goal for United.After retiring in 1973, Charlton went into coaching and founded a youth scheme that included David Beckham, a future United and England great, among its participants.After brief spells in charge of Preston, Wigan and Irish side Waterford, Charlton returned to United in 1984 as a director and persuaded the board in 1986 to appoint Ferguson, who delivered 38 trophies during nearly 27 years in charge.Knighted in 1994 by Queen Elizabeth II, Charlton remains a mainstay at Old Trafford, featuring alongside Best and Law on a statue outside United’s stadium.Charlton avoided the controversies and distractions that damaged the career of Best, with his style and demeanor bringing a popularity that transcended the tribalism of club and international football.“I felt he could be a bit aloof,” the late Best said in a 2001 magazine interview. “We were never at each other’s throats, we simply didn’t go and have a pint together.”Robert Charlton was born Oct. 11, 1937, in the coal-mining town of Ashington, northeast England, and his talent was obvious from a young age.“We realized Bobby was going to be a bit special as a player when he was about 5 years old,” said older brother Jack, who played for Leeds and won the World Cup alongside him. “He was always kicking a football or a tennis ball against a wall and when it bounced back it stuck to him like a magnet.”Charlton wrote in 2007 that his family sometimes relied on illegally caught salmon or rabbit to ward off hunger, while his father — also named Robert — gathered coal washed up on local beaches and sold it to bolster his income.His father’s commitment to his mining colleagues meant that in 1966 he missed Charlton scoring both goals against Portugal in that World Cup semifinal because he didn’t want someone else to have to cover for him in the pit. He was, however, persuaded to attend the final when the Charlton brothers lifted the trophy.Charlton’s playing career began far from home in Manchester after leaving school at 15, making his United debut three years later against Charlton in 1956.Within two years, tragedy struck the tight-knit group of United players whose relationship was forged as trainees in austere conditions. The team was still celebrating winning at Red Star Belgrade to secure a place in the European Cup semifinals when their plane caught fire on its third attempt to take off in heavy snow after a refueling stop in Germany.Charlton miraculously emerged from the smoldering wreckage with only light head injuries and picked his way through the wreckage to help survivors. Spotting manager Matt Busby groaning in agony on the smoke-shrouded runway, Charlton rushed to help the father-figure who had promoted him to the first team.But eight members of the “Busby Babes” team packed with bright prospects were among the 21 fatalities. They included Duncan Edwards, considered one of England’s most talented players at 21.“Sometimes it engulfs me with terrible anger and regret and sadness — and guilt that I walked away and found so much,” Charlton wrote in 2007.Charlton became driven by a lingering obligation to preserve the memories of the Munich dead, returning to action less than four weeks later and helping a hurriedly assembled team of survivors and stand-ins reach that season’s FA Cup final.Busby rebuilt his team around Charlton, adding the 1965 and 1967 English league titles to the championship they won in 1957.“There was always one great hope — the return to greatness of my beloved club,” Charlton said.The biggest prize of his club career arrived in 1968 as United became the first English club to become champion of Europe. Charlton scored twice in a 4-1 extra-time win over a Benfica team containing Portugal great Eusebio.But Charlton is perhaps best known for being part of the England team that won the World Cup. It remains England’s only major title in men's soccer.Charlton and his brother fell out over Jack’s public assertion that Bobby’s wife caused him to become estranged from his mother. But the pair reconciled and Jack presented Bobby with a lifetime achievement trophy at the 2008 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award.“We have had our public disputes, proving that in any family discord can sometimes disrupt the force of love and blood, but throughout that time I never lost the sense of wonder and gratitude that we were together in 1966 on such a great day in the history of our nation’s sport,” Bobby Charlton said.In November 2020, it was announced that Charlton had been diagnosed with dementia, the same disease that afflicted his brother — who died in 2020 at age 85 — and another World Cup winner, Nobby Stiles. “This man, from day one, was everything I wanted to be,” United striker Marcus Rashford wrote of Charlton after hearing about the diagnosis. “Kind, professional, caring, talented.”He is survived by his wife, Norma, whom he married in 1961, and his two daughters.___AP soccer: https://apnews.com/hub/soccer。

二 | 然而，一个根本性的瓶颈悬而未决：解码大脑需要知道大脑内部正在发生什么，而现有的观测工具要么信号质量高但创伤大，要么安全无创但信息量有限。　　磁共振很早就被学界视为具备先天优势的观测手段——无创、全脑覆盖、多参数成像。但这项为临床诊断设计的技术，想要与脑机接口融合，远比想象中复杂。

三 | 　　脑机接口设备无法在强磁场中工作，传统磁共振分辨率不足以捕捉微观神经结构，治疗全程依赖术前静态影像而无法实时感知变化——多重障碍使得磁共振在脑机接口研究中长期扮演着“拍一张术前片、再拍一张术后片”的配角。　　在天津召开的全国首届磁共振脑机接口大会期间，财联社记者采访多位专家学者，了解到的信号是，上述门槛正在被逐一拆除。磁共振与脑机接口的深度融合，在治疗全过程中实时成像、实时反馈、实时导航，正在成为一套可供科研和临床使用的系统能力。　　瓶颈：磁共振与脑机接口为何长期“各行其道”　　天津大学医学院副院长、国家重点研发计划首席科学家、脑机交互与人机共融海河实验室主任助理范秋筠在会中这样描述脑机接口的愿景：“通过高通量的读取脑，赋能高信度的解码脑，实现高精准的调控脑，最终实现读脑和控脑的实时对话。”　　她同时提出，脑机接口的传感方式虽然多样，有侵入式电极、头皮脑电、脑磁图、磁共振，而磁共振具有“先天的技术优势”。　　但在实践中，却长期面临一个尴尬：磁共振虽有优势，却并非为脑机接口研究而设计。　　联影医疗（688271.SH）磁共振事业部、联合创新部总监袁健闵经过长期收集一线反馈，向记者拆解了这层困境。他在接受采访时表示：“基于临床常规使用的磁共振设备，在面向脑机接口的应用场景中存在诸多难点。”　　其中，他认为两个方面更重要：一是脑机接口器件通常未在强磁场环境中进行设计和测试，即便两个硬件勉强合并，软件层面的数据交互和融合也极其困难；二是大量脑机接口研究停留在临床前阶段，从动物实验到临床验证的转化工程难度大、门槛高、流程长，阻碍了创新和临床转化。　　这两大痛点指向同一个结构性矛盾：磁共振设备行业发展了几十年，但很少对脑机接口设备做针对性的设计和适配。

四 | 　　范秋筠在接受采访时解释，传统磁共振受限于性价比，只能观测到毫米级的宏观结构信息，但细胞的尺度是微米级——“三个数量级”（从1毫米到1微米，数值上缩小了10³倍）的差距，意味着传统磁共振根本无法捕捉脑机接口解码真正需要的微观神经结构信息。　　看不见，就只能猜。这种“猜”的困境，正是脑机接口研究长期停留在“输入—输出”黑箱模式的重要原因。研究者知道受试者执行了某个任务、记录到了某个脑电信号，但中间大脑究竟发生了什么，传统磁共振给不出答案。而基于猜测的解码，其上限注定有限。　　突破：当磁共振能实时全程“看见”治疗　　转机出现在观测尺度的跨越上。大会上，联影医疗与天津大学联合发布全球首个磁共振脑机接口全栈式解决方案uMR神观，将磁共振的信息源头从毫米级推到了微米级。　　其物理原理并不复杂但极具巧思——利用水分子扩散的运动特性。范秋筠向记者解释这一机制：“水分子在纯自由扩散时，各个方向游走距离是相同的。但如果处在神经纤维里面，它更愿意沿着神经纤维去扩散；如果它在细胞里面，走一段碰壁了就会回来。通过分子扩散运动的统计学反演，我们可以推断水分子所处的微观环境。”　　这套方法不直接拍摄神经元，而是通过水分子作为“天然探针”，来反推神经纤维的孔径和髓鞘厚度。

五 | 　　范秋筠强调，髓鞘厚度不同，神经信号的传导速度就不同，同一个解码算法在不同人身上的表现就有不同。

六 | 因此她认为，如果未来脑机接口走到临床成为常规治疗手段，脑机接口的解码器不能靠统计拟合，必须基于个体真实的微观结构特征去构建——这正是uMR神观这类高梯度磁共振平台的价值所在：它提供了获取这些个体化微观结构数据的能力。　　袁健闵从工程角度呼应了这一突破。他将磁共振的新角色比作“北斗卫星”，精准呈现治疗设备在哪个脑区起作用、作用的大小和程度，并实时反馈。　　关键在于，一是“精准”，高梯度性能让白质纤维束追踪清晰可见，治疗规划可以避开关键连接通路；二是“实时”，“不仅是看到机械波的振动，还能同步观测大脑受激后的代谢响应、血氧响应，建立起‘输入、调控、响应’的完整闭环关系。”范秋筠说。　　袁健闵补充了另一个传统磁共振不具备的功能——实时温度监测：“超声调控可能有温度升高，要去防止温度升高太高对正常脑组织造成损伤，磁共振可以实时测量温度。”这套“边调控、边成像、边反馈”的模式，将磁共振从治疗前的“相机”升级为治疗全过程的“导航仪”。　　临床验证方面，首都医科大学宣武医院院长、国家神经疾病医学中心主任赵国光表示，无创脑机超声聚焦时路径上的血管变化可能引发血栓或小血管堵塞。其团队在联影设备上实现最快3分钟成像，从大血管到微小穿支血管全面覆盖，“为声、光、电、磁等设备干预路径上的血管结构提供了关键的血管描写数据。”　　中国科学院院士、南京大学常务副校长郑海荣将磁共振比作“一架精密的钢琴”，不同序列就是不同曲谱，生成不同图像——这种多参数成像特性使磁共振能够反映组织特性的细微差别。他强调磁共振在脑机接口研究中“不可替代”的地位，而非侵入式电极。“当公众注意力被侵入式路线吸引时，无创磁共振的价值反而容易被低估。”　　从天津出发，向产业走去　　技术突破之后，更大的挑战是如何从“能做”变成“大规模可用”。大会上，磁共振脑机接口创新联盟正式成立。　　范秋筠向记者称，2010年前后，磁共振梯度场强的市场主流仅40mT/m，科研院所提出更高的成像需求后，企业跟进工程化，最终逐步升级为临床标准。因此，脑机接口目前的问题不在于“技术没人做”，而在于“需求不清晰”和“各方不知道别人在做什么”。联盟的核心作用正是将分散在各处的临床需求、科研能力和产业资源汇集起来，让上下游各方知道彼此在做什么、需要什么。　　这也是磁共振脑机接口创新联盟成立的初衷。目前，联盟首批成员涵盖天津大学、清华大学、浙江大学、中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院、中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院等国内顶尖高校院所，天坛医院、环湖医院等多家头部三甲医院，以及联影医疗等产业链核心企业。　　联影集团董事长薛敏在大会发言中表示：“脑机接口的发展，需要创新链、产业链、人才链、资金链深度联动，需要跨界融合、开放协同。

七 | 这一前沿技术的发展，既离不开基础研究的持续突破，也离不开临床需求的牵引、工程技术的支撑和产业转化的推动。

八 | 面向未来，联影期待与全国所有长期热爱、积极探索并致力于推动这一领域发展的同仁并肩同行、开放协作。”　　天津大学副校长、脑机交互与人机共融海河实验室主任明东将这一布局放在了更长的历史坐标中审视。他在致辞中回顾：“2003年国家自然科学基金委举办了第一届脑机接口学科研讨会，地点就在天津，由此吹响了中国正式进军脑机接口领域的集结号。”二十三年后，天津已形成全国首个脑机接口综合实验病区、首个脑机接口国资产业集团、首个面向脑机接口的专项基金、首个脑机接口本科专业和一级学科博士点。

九 | 　　作为这一系统化布局的佐证，天津医科大学副校长于春水在大会报告中分享了其团队历时五年、联合三十多家单位完成的一项大规模脑影像研究，揭示了遗传与环境的交互作用对脑健康的复杂影响。研究发现，独生子女的语言和认知能力更强，但这一效应主要通过社会经济状况和父母关爱间接实现；城镇化程度越高青春期启动时间越晚，进而通过塑造年龄影响脑特征；识别出500多个显著的基因—环境交互过程，对精准用药和疗效预测至关重要。　　因此，真正有效的脑机接口，要将个体的遗传背景和环境暴露史纳入考量——这需要大规模、多维度的脑影像数据作为基础。而跨机构的数据积累，恰恰是联盟可以发挥平台作用的领域。